Who is Jeffrey Dahmer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Who is Jeffrey Dahmer - Research Paper Example Certain incidents of his life are in line to shape his personality as a murderer, however, it cannot be stated as the reason to give anyone freehand to do what he was up to. This paper will analyze the character of Jeffery Dahmer as a murderer who was involved in doing illicit homosexual activities and finally killing and humiliating the corpses of his victims during his criminal life. According to his parents stated opinion, Dahmer was initially cool minded and also had group activities with his friends and classmates but after his surgery of hernia when he was only six years old, his personality as a whole showed a number of transformations. Hernia surgery of Dahmer can be categorized as the first incidence of Dahmer’s life that brought some mental problems in his life as he shifted from being a normal child to a child showing abnormal traits. (Davis, 1991). Later on, he moved from his residential place to Bath Ohio that added to his seclusion, as he has to leave all his mat es. He started showing interest in school newspapers giving criminal stories. He also developed a taste for drinking (Masters, 1993). As a student, he was not good and showed little concern towards his studies. The harsh realities of life distracted his father and mother. Their disconnection added fuel to his negative personality and his father was unable to show proper concern towards a son who started as being negative as a teenager. His mother left him and his father had to move from one place to another place in connection with the business besides developing an illicit relationship with another woman. After separation from his mom, he felt himself more insecure and abandoned. His being left friendless and abandoned compelled him to walk on a path, which was not at all tolerable for a society where moral values and ethics matter (Masters, 1993). His activities were totally against the moral values of a society having a motto â€Å"Live and Let Live†. During his studies at Ohio State University, unlike a student-like attitude, Dahmer showed no interest in his studies and was involved in massive drinking habits. University administration took him to the task many times for his indifferent attitude but their actions failed to put him on the right track. Under his father’s pressurized persistence, Dahmer joined the Army for a period of six years in the year 1979. His father considered that by joining the force, he would be able to rectify his personality and personal problems but his habits of drinking were uncontrollable. He was unable to continue his profession in Army and got out within a period of two years only. (Davis, 1991). After being discharged from Army, he was so mentally disturbed that he got involved in more drinking and establishing illicit and illegal relationship with his friends. One such initial incident that took place in his life was with a 19 years old boy named Steven whom he invited to his father’s home to drink and to have sex with him. He drank frequently during the sexual intercourse. Dahmer’s first kill was this boy as he was hit hard on his head for his struggle to leave Dahmer. Dahmer not only killed the boy but also chopped up his body into many pieces and put the pieces in plastic bags and put in the wooden box around his father’s property. After a considerable period of time, he opened up the wooden box and smashed bones and head of Steven for placing in the forest. This shows that Dahmer was mentally not absent minded, as he knew that he had to hide what he had done wrong. His age was 18 years when he murdered mentioned boy (Davis, 1991). Jeffery Dahmer continued to

Literature review one and two Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

One and two - Literature review Example The study focuses on the issues of child abuse on three main age groups that it, parents of children below 11 years, teenagers between 11 – 17 years and a group between 18- 24 years. The sample on these three groups included 2,160, 2,275, and 1,761 subjects respectively (Radford et al. 2011, p. 218). However, the study does not give details on the sampling techniques, which were used at arriving in the stated representative sample. However, the fact that all ages were represented indicates that the findings were objective and credible. This study was an improvement of previous studies, which lacked in terms of objective representative samples. In their definition, child maltreatment is concerned with physical, emotional, and psychological ill-treatment. It also referred exploitation of children by certain members of the society including their parents, close friends, and strangers. Physical maltreatment included hitting, kicking, spanking and slapping of their children. Issues of neglect were also said to cause emotional problems to children. Neglect included denying children parental love, access to quality education and healthcare, and failure to provide them with general basic needs (Children’s Taskforce, Department of Health 2012, p. 865). The study findings indicated that 1.2% of the children less than 11 years were severely punished. However, it appeared that severe punishment increased as the ages increased. For instance, in the 7.1% of the group between the ages brackets 11-19 had been severely punished (Radford et al. 2011, p.300). This increased to 11.5% in 17-24 age brackets. In addition to that, it was indicated that over 0.5% of the children under the age of 11 had been sexually abused. This would however rise to 4.8% in the age bracket 11-19. In the final bracket of 18 – 24, 11.3% of the subjects had been exposed

A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Essay Example for Free

A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Essay Chile is a country situated on the west coast of South America. It is also known as The Republic of Chile. The size of Chile is 289,112 square miles with a width of less than 100 miles. It is basically a little larger than Texas. Chile is divided into three main parts, mainland and two territorial islands named Isla Sala y Gomez and Easter. Chile has an interesting history and it has seen many ups and downs in its economic development (Hudson, 1994). A description of the history of the 20th century of Chile and its current economic and political situation is presented below. The history of the 20th century of Chile is mainly focused on its entrance to the parliamentary system and thus it saw the changes in its political situation. In the beginning of the 20th century, Chile was stable despite of having lesser power in the hands of presidents. During this time, congress selected the president for the country. The presidents of this century mainly includes: German Riesco Errazuriz, Pedro Montt, Ramon Barros Luco, and Juan Luis Sanfuentes. During the 1920’s, there was an increasing gap between the middle class and lower class of society (Bizzarro, 1987). Due to this gap, the masses were dissatisfied and they called a new leader, Arturo Alessandri Palma, who brought the system of election for the selection of president. He brought other changes as well such as compulsory primary education and separation between the church and state. After a few months’ service of Alessandri, Carlos Ibanez came into power and promoted public works and industry; however, he is known as a military dictator. Electoral Democracy was there during the years of 1931 to 1971 in Chile. After a period of uncertainty in Chile, Alessandri came into power again. Alessandri ruled Chile almost like a dictator and restored the power of Constitution of 1925. Considering the presidency elections of 1958, it is found that there were three candidates and all were from different types of people. They were conservative, Christian Democrat, and Socialist (Zanartu, Kennedy, 1969). Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez won the election of 1858 and maintained a stable situation in Chile. Alessandri was sensible and with his ability to maintain the economic and political situation, he put a halt to the inflation in Chile; thus, contributed in the economic development of the nation. In 1964, Frei defeated Allende again. Frei was a Christian Democrat and took control over the copper industry of Chile. In the next elections, Allende came into power with his socialist view. Allende was the first elected Marxist in Chile. Allende brought new policies and changed the existing policies; such as, he finished the nationalization of the copper firms of the United States, nationalized banks, and sped up land distribution in the country. Some leaders in Chile were against the socialists programs of Allende. In 1973, with the help of the U.  S. , a military coup ousted Allende (after which he committed suicide). After Allende, Pinochet ruled untill 1990. He was mainly focused on privatization and returned the banks, factories and lands to the private owners, and put strict economic and social condition on the people of Chile (Weil, 1969). Overall, it can be said that Chile saw many different leaders in the history of the 20th century and developed in many directions. Current economic and political situation of Chile is described below in the paper. The Economic Situation During the 1970’s Chile saw the economic growth, but in the next decade it experienced recession. Pinochet was the president of Chile and he put some strict economic conditions on Chileans. Looking at the current economic condition of Chile, it can be said that it is a growing and prosperous economy. The government of Chile has a played an important role in the economic development of Chile. Peso is the official currency of the country. The government has intervened many times in the financial market of Chile to control the economic situation of the nation and promoted the social spending (Loveman, 1988). According to the current economic condition, the total GDP of Chile is U. S. $ 268. 3 billion and its GDP growth is 5%. Inflation in the country is 4 to 5% and its main industries include copper, iron, lithium, fish processing, foodstuffs, wood and woods products, cement, textile, etc. (Thomas White International, 2013). It is already discussed above that culture and history of Chile has affected the economic development of the country many times and its reflection can be seen in the economic system of Chile. Chile has seen both growth and recession (with the different economic treatments of its presidents) It is currently able to manage a decrease in the foreign debt and open for the foreign investment. The Current Political Situation The current political system of Chile is also stable. It is nation with multiparty. The country has three branches of executive, legislative, and judiciary. The cxecutive branch selects the president for the country and the legislative branch has two houses named Chamber of Deputies and Senate. The Supreme Court and other lower courts come under the judiciary system. There are many political parties involved in the Chilean Government and they are trying to maintain the social and economic condition of the country (Kelleher Klein, 2011). Analysis and Conclusions Concluding the paper it can be said that Chile has now become an important part of the global economy with its growing industries. Due to many changes in its political atmosphere in the 20th century, Chile faced many challenges in its economic development as it saw growth as well as recession. In 1990, the democratic government was again brought into Chile. A Christian democrat Eduardo Frei won the election in 1993. Currently, the condition of Chile is stable. Chile is facing some challenges in its development of having some problems between the military and the government. Also, there is a belief in the people of Chile that the income inequality is getting worse. Apart from the economic problems, the people of Chile are facing the problems of natural disaster. A devastating earthquake has affected the economic condition of Chilean. The newly elected president of Chile, Sebastian Pinera, is trying to control the challenges that the country is facing (Cynthia Crabtree, 2010).

Genetic engineering - Maize Essay Example for Free

Genetic engineering Maize Essay Introduction Genetically modified, by definition, is a term denoting or derived from an organism whose DNA has been altered for the purpose of improvement or correction of defects. (dictionary. com) Genetically modified foods are foods that have been altered to enhance certain traits for the purpose of making them more desirable to consumers. Since the development of this process, modified foods have become more common throughout the years, and with their increase in production there has also been great controversy. History of Genetically Modified Foods In 1994, the first genetically modified food the Food and Drug Administration deemed safe enough for human consumption was a tomato called the â€Å"Flavr Savr,† produced in California. The purpose of altering the tomato was for it to be resistant to rotting and decaying as quickly as tomatoes usually do. They were not labeled as being genetically modified and they were between two and five time more expensive than ordinary tomatoes, but consumers still purchased them. However, due to competition, brought on by a tomato made conventionally and with a longer shelf life, the Flavr Savr tomatoes were not profitable. Genetically modified tomatoes were then made into a tomato puree and sold in Europe in the mid-1990s, but a couple years later controversy arose over the concept of genetically modifying food. In 1998, a doctor from Aberdeen, in Scotland, published results from a research study he conducted suggesting that genetically modified potatoes, injected with an insecticide gene from the snowdrop plant, were toxic to rats. A year later it was announced that beginning in 1999, there were to be trials of genetically modified crops engineered to be resistant to herbicides. The purpose of the trials was to uncover the effects of these crops on farmland wildlife. However, this was criticized to be potentially dangerous to nearby crops, as well as honey that could be affected by cross-pollination. Sure enough, later that year pollen from genetically modified oilseed rape, a plant that is used to produce canola oil, was found at beehives almost three miles away. Two out of nine samples of honey being sold in supermarkets were contaminated in May 2000. At this point in time, nine out of ten people were against the idea of genetically modifying foods. (dailymail. co. uk) Despite the controversy surrounding genetically modified plants and foods in earlier years, technologies have advanced, and in 2006, 10. 3 million farmers planted 252 million acres of transgenic crops in 22 countries. The United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Paraguay, and South Africa grew 97% of these crops. Soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and alfalfa were modified to be herbicide and insect resistant, whereas other crops, like sweet potatoes for instance were modified to be able to survive harsh weather conditions. (Ornl. gov) The process of genetic modification Genetically modifying foods changes their genetic makeup in some way. The purpose of doing this is to enhance certain aspects of the food, for example, increasing its resistance to herbicides or its nutritional value. Traditionally, this has been done by way of selectively breeding plants or animals for specific genetic traits, however this method has proven to be potentially inaccurate and very time consuming. Genetic modification on the other hand can physically isolate a particular gene and insert it into another substance, enabling it to then posses that quality. This is done very quickly and accurately. Plants can be made insect resistant, virus resistant, or more tolerant to herbicides. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that produces a gene for toxin production that is safe for human production. To achieve insect resistance, the gene is injected into the crops that will then be able to produce this toxin on their own, leading to a decreased need for insecticides. To achieve virus resistance, crops must be introduced to the gene from that particular disease-causing virus. This results in less susceptibility to the disease and higher crop yields. Similarly, to achieve herbicide tolerance, a gene from a bacterium that will transmit resistance to some herbicides must be injected into the crops, in turn reducing the amount of herbicides used. Purpose of genetically modifying foods. There are many reasons for producing and selling genetically modified foods over those that are traditionally produced. Originally, the intent was increased protection of crops. This is still one of the process’ objectives, however there are many additional benefits recognized today. Both consumers and producers who feel that genetically modified foods are advantageous believe that these foods can be cheaper, more durable, and more nutritional. Genetically modifying foods is also a way to ensure that with a world population that is predicted to double in the future, a food shortage will not be encountered. In addition to increased protection from diseases, pests and herbicides, there are other key reasons for genetic modification. Many crops are destroyed due to troubling weather conditions. Frost can come at unexpected times causing destruction to sensitive crops. Cold water fish have an antifreeze gene which, when introduced to plants like tobacco and potatoes, can lead to a higher tolerance to cold temperatures. Similarly, plants can also develop the ability to withstand droughts. A very important quality of food is the nutritional value that is possesses. Malnutrition is quite prevalent, especially in third world countries where people tend to rely on only one crop to fulfill their dietary needs. If however, these crops could be genetically modified to contain the amount of vitamins and nutrients necessary to sustain a healthy diet, it would be a great advantage. For example, in third world countries blindness caused by a vitamin A deficiency is very common, so researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have developed what they call, â€Å"golden† rice, which contains uniquely high levels of vitamin A. The hope in this development is that this rice, funded by the non-profit organization Rockefeller Foundation, can be sent to any countries that request it. Vaccinations and medicines can be very difficult to produce, and they can also be very costly. Through genetic modification there is hope that the ability to produce foods with edible vaccinations in them will become a possibility. Common Genetically Modified Foods According to a WebMD article, experts say that about sixty to seventy percent of processed foods sold in the United States contain genetically modified ingredients. Soybeans, , corn, cotton, and rapeseed oil are the most commonly genetically modified foods. In other words, any foods that contain field corn, high-fructose corn syrup, soybeans, cottonseed oil, or canola oil all contain genetically modified ingredients. These ingredients are extremely common in most foods, much more so than most people are aware of. According to a study funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, only 52% of Americans are aware that genetically modified foods are even sold in grocery stores. The United States is the largest producer of corn in the world, and in 2000 it was estimated that 25% of corn crops growing in the United States were genetically modified. Corn is an ingredient in beer, salad dressing, margarine, flour, and anything containing corn syrup. The corn sold in stores is not necessarily intended to be genetically modified, however the concern for cross contamination between crops is there, since corn is wind-pollinated. Soy is the most heavily modified crop, and more than half the soy in the world was made up of genetically modified strains in 2007. There are different reasons for the modification of soy, including an added resistance to insects, and increasing its vitamin or fat and protein content in order to be suitable for animal feed. Soy is also used for creating chemicals used in pharmaceuticals. The likelihood of products in the United States containing genetically modified materials if they contain soy is very high, despite the lack of any labeling stating so. Tofu and soy milk are obviously effected products, however soy is also present in bread, cereal, ice cream and chocolate. Milk can be made from a genetically modified hormone called the recombinant bovine growth hormone. The function of this hormone is to produce more milk by keeping cells to produce milk alive in cows for longer periods of time. There is no proven difference between milk produced with the hormone versus that produced without it, however cows injected with the hormone are more prone to disease which can in turn have negative effects on the milk. Rapeseed oil, or canola oil, is one of the most genetically modified crops used. 80% of canola crops in Western Canada have been genetically modified. It is modified in the area of herbicide resistance. Also, modified rapeseed crops produce the main pollen used in the making of honey, suggesting that most honey from Canada could likely qualify as genetically modified. Advantages of Genetically Modified Foods Genetically modified foods offer several advantages. As already mentioned, an increased resistance to pests and diseases, the tolerance against bad weather conditions, and an increase in food supply are all obviously positive aspects. Crops have a better taste and quality when they are modified and they also have increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance. The time it takes for crops to mature is reduced as well. As far as the advantages for animals, they develop an increased resistance, productivity, and feed efficiency. They also produce more food, and their health can improve. The environment can benefit from genetically modifying foods as well. Firstly, the bioherbicides and bioinsecticides are environmentally friendly. Because genetic modification improves the resistance of plants and reduces their maturation time, soil, water, and energy can also be conserved. There is better natural waste management associated with genetic modification, and food processing is more efficient. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Foods Despite the advantages of genetically modifying foods, the disadvantages of doing so seem to greatly outweigh the positive aspects of it. The most common criticisms against GM foods are in regards to the environment, health risks, and economic worries. Firstly, there have been several harmful, yet unintended effects on organisms in the environment. Monarch butterfly caterpillars have suffered an increased mortality rate due to the gene injected in corn crops. Though the caterpillars do not consume corn crops, they consume milkweed plants in neighboring fields, where the wind could easily transfer the pollen. There was a study done to test this theory, and the study did in fact support it. Another environmental concern is that the genes used to enhance certain crops will be transferred over to species unintended to contain the gene. For instance, in the case of crops that are introduced to a gene enabling them to develop an increased resistance to herbicides, the gene can potentially spread into the weeds themselves, causing them too to develop a higher herbicide resistance. This could cause problems because the weeds would then become very difficult to combat which could possibly ruin the crops. The concern for human health risks in regards to genetically modified foods is very high as well. Firstly, food allergies are very common among people in Europe and the United States, and in some cases these allergies can be fatal. The possibility that adding genes to plants could cause allergic reactions in susceptible people is there, and it is a very threatening possibility. Secondly, genetically modified foods pose an unknown overall threat to human health. Despite the lack of proof that foods made of genetically modified materials can be harmful to people, there have been studies showing that certain GM foods are in fact harmful to the digestive tract of rats. Just the fact that the effects of GM food on people are still not completely known also poses a huge threat in itself. From an economic perspective, genetically modifying foods is very costly. With new technologies that are continuously surfacing, companies are starting to want to patent their ideas, and this raises the concern that with patents will come a raise in price of seeds, making business very difficult for farmers who will not be able to afford them. This would result in the domination of food production throughout the world by only a few companies if GM foods reached such a high existence. It would also increase the dependence of developing countries on industrialized nations. Lastly, it could also result in biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources. There are ethical issues surrounding genetic modification as well. Many people question if it is unethical to alter nature by taking the genes of one species and mixing it with another. There is also the question of whether or not it is ethically wrong to violate the essential values of organisms. This process can stress animals as well, as their natural ways of life and food production are being compromised in ways that are having essentially unknown effects on the animal. The ethicality of labeling foods as genetically modified is a very controversial issue. In the United States, labeling foods is not mandatory and to the many people who do not want to consume these foods, this is viewed as very unethical. Laws of Genetically Modified Foods The laws and governmental regulations of genetically modifying food varies throughout the world, yet a common factor is that all of these different governments are in fact working towards establishing regulatory processes. In Japan, as of April 2001, testing GM foods was made mandatory. In the United States, regulation is achieved by several different governmental agencies, such as the US Environmental Protection. Agency, the US Department of Agriculture, and the US Food and Drug Administration. The EPA is responsible for regulating the substances used that may cause possible harm to the environment and human health, pesticides for example. Farmers need to obtain licenses in order to use such chemicals, and the amount they are permitted ot use is regulated. The USDA includes different divisions each responsible for their own branch of assessment. â€Å" Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the Agricultural Research Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program. † (Csa. com) The FDA is involved when companies producing GM foods have issues they feel they want to consult with them about. They are not required to go to the FDA though. The future of Genetically Modified Foods Currently, genetically modified ingredients are present in many foods, however the process is mostly limited to altering the ingredients in the area of improved sustainability. In the future, there are plans to genetically modify much more. For example, there are plans to try to produce foods with the ability to produce human vaccinations. There are also plans to genetically alter food animals, like pigs, cows, and most recently salmon. Conclusion Genetically modified foods have come a long way since their first introduction into the market. They have great potential to solve many problems and improve upon many conditions. However, there are many challenges facing governments as far as the advancement of genetically modified foods is concerned. Regulations, food testing, and uncovering more of the possible effects on both human health and the environment are all great issues involved. The concept of genetic modification is also very controversial. However, regardless of the obstacles and controversy surrounding this phenomenon, it is becoming much more widespread throughout the world. Works Cited Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? CSA. Web. 24 Oct. 2010. http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php . Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms HGP Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 24 Oct. 2010. http://www. ornl. gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi /gmfood. shtml. Development and History of GM Foods Genetically Modified Foods (UK). Comphrensive Advice on Genetically Modified Foods at Genetically Modified Foods (UK). Web. 24 Oct. 2010. http://www. geneticallymodifiedfoods. co. uk/development-hi story-gm-foods. html. Chapman, By James. History of Genetically Modified Food | Mail Online. Home | Mail Online. Web. 24 Oct. 2010. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-419985/History-ge netically-modified-food. html. Jibrin, By Janis. Genetically Modified Foods (Biotech Foods) Pros and Cons. WebMD Better Information. Better Health. Web. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www. webmd. com/food-recipes/features/are-biotech-foods-s afe-to-eat. dictionary. com.

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of Multiple Intelligences

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of Multiple Intelligences Campbell, L., Campbell, B. (1999). Multiple Intelligences and Student Achievement: Success Stories from Six Schools. Alexandria, VA.: Association for supervision and Curriculum Development. Throughout this book Campbell and Campbell share stories about six schools (two elementary, two middle, and two high schools) that incorporated Multiple Intelligences into their curriculum. The authors outline how MI is applied, its role, and its effect on student achievement. Campbell and Campbell provide examples of how a Multiple Intelligence curriculum enables students to use their strengths to improve their academic weaknesses. Campbell, L., Campbell, B., Dickinson, D. (2004). Teaching and Learning Through Multiple Intelligences. (3rd ed.). Boston ; Montreal: Pearson/A and B. This book is introduced by explaining what the original seven intelligences are in detail. It continues on to describe how teachers can begin to integrate Multiple Intelligences into their classrooms. The authors of this book give specific examples of how an educator can plan their lessons or projects and give assessments using the MI theory. Gardner, H. (1993). Choice Points as Multiple Intelligences Enter the School. David Lazear Group | Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http://www.davidlazeargroup.com/multi-intell/articles/ChoicePoints.htm In this short essay written by Howard Gardner, he describes seven purposes of which Multiple Intelligence has been applied. He discusses that the theory of MI has been used to support a range of educational goals. Gardner describes the relationship of curriculum, instruction, assessment, targeted audiences and students in relation to Multiple Intelligences. Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (10th anniversary ed.). New York, NY: BasicBooks. This is the tenth anniversary of the original book that outlined Multiple Intelligences. Gardner broke this book up into three sections: Background of MI, The Theory itself, and Implications and Applications. In Frames of Mind Gardner describes the idea of Multiple Intelligence and how he came up with it; he discusses the nature and characteristic of each intelligence as well as how MI could potentially help our educational system. Gardner, H. (2002). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (29. printing. ed.). New York: BasicBooks. Gardners Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice is a collection of essays written about how Multiple Intelligence has been implemented in schools since the first book, Frames of Mind was published. In the Assessment and Beyond section of the book, Gardner outlines evaluations and gives an alternative form of assessment to standardized exams: a student portfolio to demonstrate strengths. Garnder, H. (2003, April 21). Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years. American Education Research Association. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG_MI_after_2sss0_years.pdf Throughout this article, Gardner explains how he came up with the idea of MI and how it has evolved in twenty years. Gardner gives examples of colleagues and studies that have implemented the theory and how it enabled student achievement. He also describes and corrects some misconceptions that he has come across over the years. Mettetal G.,  Cheryl J.,  Ã‚  Sheryll H.  (1997). Attitudes toward a multiple intelligences curriculum.  The Journal of Educational Research,  91(2),  115.   Retrieved December 12, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  29295806). This article is about a small school that adopted the Theory of Multiple Intelligence into their school district. Considering the school went from being a traditional school to a school that fully implemented MI into its classrooms, there were many research activities and studies done to evaluate student assessment. Some activities include: surveys to parents, observations, interviews, and classroom assessments. Hatch, T. (1997). Getting Specific About Multiple Intelligences. How Children Learn, 54(6), 26- 29. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational- leadership/mar97/vol54/num06/Getting-Specific-About-Multiple-Intelligences.aspx This article describes how each student is smart in their own way. Hatch describes each intelligence in relation to professions. For example, a person with a linguistic intelligence may be a reporter. Hatch proposes that educators teach to the students strengths opposed to the intelligence itself. The main purpose of this article is to try to get educators to avoid labeling their students to a specific intelligence. Lazear, D. (2000). Multiple Intelligence Approaches to Assessment: Solving The Assessment Conundrum. Global Learning Communities. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from www.julieboyd.com.au/ILF/pages/members/cats/bkovervus/t_and_learn_pdfs/mi_approa ch_to_assessment.pdf This article goes into detail about assessments and how they can be conducted. According to Lazear, any student who performs successfully on a given test does not necessarily demonstrate genuine learning or understanding; it may tell us only who is good at taking that type of test (Lazear 2000). He feels as though students need to demonstrate their knowledge in various ways to show genuine learning and understanding. In his article he outlines Brain-Based and Research-Based Assessment procedures. McClaskey, J.   (1995). Assessing student learning through multiple intelligences.  English Journal,  84(8),  56.   Retrieved December 12, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:  9081119). McClaskey feels as though students need to have opportunities to identify and build on their strengths.

Teachers Need to Feel Empowered and in Control of their Career Essay

What does 2.0 look like? I became a teacher when spiders spun webs and a library teacher when the Internet was accessed through the telephone. I was an early adopter and adapter of everything 1.0. I embraced the magic of the CD-Rom, remember Encyclopedia Encarta. What a revelation. I became a librarian the same year that the card catalogue was replaced by lookup stations. I have no idea about creating a title, subject or author card but boy can I come up with the perfect key words for a Boolean search. During the days of Web 1.0 I taught students who were just as awed by computers and astounded with the Internet as I was. Together we explored this new digital world. Today the digital natives look upon computers and the Internet as a ubiquitous component of school and education. I understand. That’s all they have known. I know that I need to continue to embrace the new technologies. I need to continue to be on the cutting edge, be aware of the newest and coolest, what is the n ext Twitter, Facebook or YouTube and, most importantly, how can this technology be used to impact student learning. To that end I am a teacher leader in the area of technology. If a volunteer is needed for a presentation I’m the one. This year I have used Prezi to present copyright law to my staff at school. I have also coordinated building-wide training for district wide tech competencies assessment. I have been on the school’s technology leadership team since the school opened. I see myself as a leader in the field of technology integration. In order to help students and staff keep current with the software and now apps, that are available. I have embraced LibGuides a data management program that has revolutionized the old library pathfinders and web quest... ...ally policy, but also best teaching practices. These conferences have empowered me to take on these leadership roles in my school district and local NEA association. My primary objective after any of these professional growth experiences is to share them with my colleagues. And to that end I make it a practice to mentor new educators. I am also guide the students to think of the field of education as a valid career choice. I am concerned that with the negative image of education and educators, the poor economic climate that our smartest and gifted students and new teachers will not consider a career as a teacher, or continue in that career. I believe that if teachers feel empowered and in control of their career they will not only remain in education they will make a difference in the life of a child. And they will continue in this worthwhile and important career.

Green Tea

Leeds, describes t h sec h e m is t ray of black tea manufacture Tea is the m so two I d e I yes o NSA u m De beverage in the w o r old . The economic importance of an annual w o r I d production of tea estimated to be in the region of 1-15 million tones has resulted in considerable attention being paid to the understanding of the chemical and physical changes w h I c h take place during tea manufacture.The three main types of tea, black, green and instant tea, are made by processing the y o n g shoot or flush, comprising the terminal b u d and t w o adjacent leaves of the tea plant (Camellia genesis), s h o w n opposite. Of these types of processed tea the most important is the familiar black tea, w h I c h is a fermented product, the coloring matter arising f r o m enzymes oxidation of phenol components of the tea leaf. Green tea, o n the other hand, resembles m o r e closely the dehydrated leaf, any chemical changes being non-enzymes and its brews do not contain highly colored pro ducts.Green tea is the m so t popular of r m of tea in a number of countries including China and Japan. Instant tea may be prepared f r o m both black and green tea, the process essentially involving extraction w I t h water, concentration and dehydration. The w o r I d market for instant tea, however, is small (some 5% of w o r I d tea production), indicating perhaps that satisfactory products have not yet reached the customer. The market has been further affected by the introduction of tea bags.In view of the commercial importance of black tea and the intricacy of the mechanisms of its manufacture, this product has received by far the most attention and the purpose of the present article is to outline some findings in this field. The black tea process 1 The freshly plucked tea flush is allowed to wither in air for some 18-20 hours, or for shorter periods when heated air is circulated, when it loses water and acquires a kid-glove feel. Important chemical changes have already begun to take place 2 .For example, amino acids are formed as precursors of compounds ultimately leading to the production of flavor and non-enzymes browning, the formation of kite compounds as flavor precursors and the 2 formation of caffeine. The leaf also becomes capable of acquiring a twist, rather than breaking up, when it is subsequently rolled. Fermentation is initiated by rolling when the enzyme, normally located in the chloroplast, and the phenol substrate, found in the cell vacuoles, are mixed in the presence of oxygen, without extensive damage to the outer cell wall.A three hour fermentation results in less than 10% of unchanged substrate remaining 3 . Fermentation is arrested by firing in a stream of hot air which also dries the product to some 3% moisture content. The final stage is grading. Enzymes oxidation Phenols or polysaccharides are enzymes which mediate in the oxidation of o-depletion to o-quinine's in the presence of oxygen but most of these enzymes are also capable of oxidation monopoles to o- quinine's. The tea enzyme is a polysaccharides but, unlike the ordinary for the so called fermentation are flavor components of the tea leaf.These are based on the flan structure, figure 1 . Polyphonic components comprise some 25-35% of the tea flush on a dry weight basis, of which some 20% may be found as flavor 4 . Specific flavor structures are shown in figure 2. They may clearly be divided into two groups ? the catechist and the collocations according to whether there are two or three hydroxyl (OH) groups in the right hand phenol ring. In fact, each group of compounds may be further distinguished according to the arrangements of groups around carbon atoms 2 and 3, resulting in four possible isomers.For example, the isomers of the catechisms are: (-) catechist, (+) catechist, (-) peachiness and (+) peachiness. In addition, these compounds exist as esters with Gaelic acid, figure 3. The most abundant are the collocations and specifically (-) epistemolo gically and its gallant ester (ca. 10% dry weight). In order of abundance, this is followed by (-) peachiness and its gallant (ca. 5 by weight) 4 . It is reasonable to assume that the first stage of oxidation involves conversion of Nutrition and Food Science these substrates to o-quinine's and is followed by condensation of these quinine's to dimmers and polymers.Flavor derived products in black tea The oxidation of flavors by way of quinine leads to the formation of dimmers by meaner of bonds between adjacent molecules, such that the 2†² position on one molecule, figure 2, links to either the 6 or 8 position on another in the case of catechist (ahead to tail' dimmers), and in the case of collocations the 2†² position on one molecule becomes linked to the 2†² position on another (tail to tail' dimmers). These tail to tail dimmers have been identified in black tea and are found to be derived from (-) epistemologically and its gallant as expected 5 .During fermentation carbon dioxide is evolved and this is believed to arise from an unusual but most important reaction leading to the formation of a seven member ring. Carbon rings of this size are infrequently found in organic chemistry but the essentials of this reaction are illustrated by the oxidation of paroxysmal to form purloining, figure 4. Gaelic acid, found extensively in fermented tea, can undergo a similar reaction to form purpurogallincarboxylic acid.The thyroxin grouping of the collocations can react in a similar manner to paroxysmal and it is therefore, not surprising that compounds such as paleontologist, figure 5, are found to be present in black tea 6 . It is also found that the catechist can take the place of one molecule of reactant in the purloining reaction. Thus, catechist can react with Gaelic acid to form diphtheria acids, figure 6, but, more importantly, one molecule of catechist is capable of reacting with one molecule of collocating, again in a purloining type reaction 2 .T he product is known as deflating and the structure is shown in figure 7. Deflating and its gallant esters are very important orange-red coloring matters in black tea constituting some 2% by weight on a dry basis. However, by weight, the most important group of coloring matters in black tea is that known as therapeutics constituting more than 10% 7 . Their structure is still unknown but they may also Evaluation of tea Tea is evaluated under five headings: strength, color, briskness, aroma and quality.Strength is a measure of the total concentration of deflations and therapeutics and, since they are responsible mainly for the color of tea, with small contributions from paleontologists and products of November 1979 3 TEA continued non-enzymes browning, color and strength are related. However, the assessment of color is more a measure of the brightness of the color rather than total color and so is a measure of the balance between the deflations and therapeutics, the former contributing sensory brightness and the latter the depth 8 .The extent of popularization of tea polyphony's depends on such factors as time and temperature, more extensive popularization giving rise to reduction of solubility. The polymers combine readily with caffeine and the result on cooling is known as creaming, the compounds so formed tending to separate out. This is particularly undesirable in teas intended for making iced tea. Creaming can be assessed through the cream index which is determined by deliberate coagulation with acid.The astringency of tea is largely dependent on the amount of polyphonic compounds present, the degree of oxidation of the tea flavors and particularly by the amount of Gaelic acid groups present on the flavors and their oxidation products. Caffeine is reported to improve the briskness of tea and milk or lemon Juice may modify the taste of the polyphony's 2 . The overall quality of a tea infusion may also be related to he proportions of deflating and therapeutics present and also to the sum of their concentrations.The aroma of tea is not related to tea polyphony's but is determined by the volatile components. Some three hundred compounds have been identified in black tea and recent discoveries are listed in the latest review 2 . They comprise leaderless, stones, esters, pyridine's, paralyzes, thistles, squishiness, aromatic amines, amides and other compounds. The formation of carbonyl compounds is a result of Stretcher degradation reactions between amino acids and oxidized flavors according to: usability stresses the importance of the formation of amino acids during the withering stages of tea manufacture.Tea leaves, being photosynthetic organs, also contain a significant amount of cartooned and important black tea aroma components are probably produced as a result of the oxidative degradation of carotids. The oxidation of unsaturated fats may also contribute to flavor. Conclusion The most important stage of black tea manufacture involves e nzymes oxidation of flavor substrates. Demerit flavors and particularly deflating are important contributors to tea quality together with the higher polymers known as heartburning. It is worth noting, however, that condensation does not stop when the enzyme is inactivated during firing.