Political Economy Theory Essay Example for Free

Political Economy Theory EssayThe political parsimoniousness in mass media possibleness argues that the structure of the industry influences heart and soul. _(Andrejevic M, 2007)._ This theory will be demonstrated by analysing an article entitled _Skys the limit for MySpace_, published on _News.com.au_ on August 10th 2007. The presumption of the theory is that media content is influenced by a combination of the media owners (individuals or corporations), advertisers, competitors/other media, government regulations and viewers or readers. In the case of media ownership, Private individuals decide what information should be provided to the semipublic based on what earns them the most money. _(Andrejevic M, 2007)_The _News.com.au_ article on _MySpace_ appears in the National News section and describes the firm grasp and incredible influence the social networking site, constituted in 2003, has on the internet and throughout the business world. The article is saturated with refe rences to the innovations and stunning success of _MySpace_. For practice the opening sentence reads Social networking website _MySpace_ has more than one hundred fifteen million members around the world and already plays a key role in launching music careers, political campaigns and the way people communicate in world-wide. _(Gadd M, 2007)_ At this point a discerning reader should recall that _News Corp_ bought _MySpace_ from its co founders Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe in July 2005. _(Malick O, 2006)_The propaganda model developed by Edwards S Herman and Noam Chomsky asserts that information presented to the general public via mainstream media outlets will be biased in relation to the interests of the multinational organisations or media conglomerates that own them. _(Herman Chomsky, 1988)_ By publishing an article promoting the dominant discourse that _MySpace_ is a popular, thriving production with unlimited potential, _News Limited_ are encouraging awareness of the websit e, which in turn provides it with traffic and publicity. Since _News Corp_ owns _MySpace_ and is a holding company for _News Limited_, this is a chief example of thepropaganda model and reinforces the political economy theory that media content is affected by media owners.The positive language used in the article demonstrates the power of linguistic controls in promoting a discourse. The writers of the article use phrases such as its just the tip of the ice berg _(Gadd M, 2007)_ to imply at that place is a wealth of possibilities for _MySpace_ to accomplish. The website is described as a platform for individuals to express themselves and socialise. _(Gadd M, 2007)_ This quote is relevant to todays society as ideas of non-conformity, individuality and creativity are attractive to todays youth.Of all the quotes available from the interviews with the co founders, there is a deliberate choice on behalf of _News.com.au_ to feature words such as emerging, prominent, innovate, and evolve that connote ideas of positive change and progression. This gives the impression that _MySpace_ is at the van of the online social networking phenomenon with millions of individuals flocking to be involved. These terms are deliberately chosen by _News Limited_ to appeal to advertisers who wish for their products to be seen and purchased by the trend-setters in society, and this will consequently earn its parent, _News Corp_.The article also suggests the potential power MySpace has for advertisers in the future. Mr DeWolfe said mobile advertising would be a lucrative fund source and video would move out a more prominent place in the way people communicated and shared their art. _(Gadd M, 2007)_ It should be noted that _News Corp.,_ along with other media conglomerates, is ultimately a moneymaking(prenominal) organisation. By using _News Limited_s article to draw attention to the incredible infiltration ratio of _MySpace_ (four million unique accounts in Australia, and 50% of all internet users in America) _News Corp_ is securing advertisers interest in _MySpace_. The statement by Walt Disney Corporation CEO, Michael Eisner, is particularly powerful in demonstrating the reality of what drives media conglomerates We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective. _(Andrejevic M, 2007)_Newspapers, TV networks and magazines rely on advertisers to finance their business, so to encourage advertisers to buy space in their publication they commodify and promote their audiences. According to Dallas Smythe audiences are bought by advertisers on the basis on income, age, sex, ethnic and class specifications. _(Stevenson N, 200210-11)_ Rupert Murdoch outline his plans for the future of _MySpace_ in a 2006 interview at the Citigroup Entertainment, Media and Telecommunications Conference.He revealed that an instant messenger client with voice capabilities, increased wo rldwide penetration, and free video downloads were in the works. (The free video downloads have been successfully incorporated into the website since the interview.) Following this, Mr Murdoch said Weve got the biggest mass of unsold inventory. We have the third most page views of the Internet in America, and explained that _News Corp_ had met with advertising networks to judge whether they give notice sell it better than we can. _(Burns E, 2006)_In conclusion, the political economy theory, which highlights the a link between ownership and content of media production _(Stevenson N, 2002 41)_, can be applied to the _News.com.au_ article about _MySpace_ to reveal how much ownership, among other things, can affect the information the public receives from mass media outlets. As demonstrated in the way that _News Limited_ portrayed _MySpace_ in a positive light for the economic benefit of its parent firm _News Corp,_ it is important for audiences to be aware of the political economy th eory, and to detect not only bias but the possible reasons behind such bias in media texts they consume.BIBLIOGRAPHYAndrejevic M (2007) _The Mass Media A Political stinting Approach._ Lecture slides for JOUR2211 Week 2. Available from https//my.uq.edu.au/blackboard_frame.html Accessed on 12/08/07Burns E (2006) _Murdoch discusses future of MySpace.com._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07Gadd M (2007) _Skys the limit for MySpace._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07Herman E S and Chomsky, Noam. (1988) _Manufacturing Consent the Political Economy of the Mass Media_. New York Pantheon BooksMalick O (2006) _Why Murdoch Really Bought MySpace._ Available Accessed on 11/02/03McQuail D (2002) _McQuails reviewer in Mass Communication Theory._ Sage publications.Stevenson N (2002) Understanding Media Cultures Social Theory and Mass Communication. Sage publications. pp10-11

Computerised Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Computerised Accounting System EssayAt very outset I sincerely thankful to you for promoting me in the cadre of A. O. ( Mkt) would like to cook your kind attention to my various primarily requests for restoration of my three increments as per the order dated 25th January 2005, passed by then CMD (copy enclosed ) by modifying the earlier order the following. 1 Restoring the basic pay to the same level as the order was to be without cumulative effect as has been very categorically undertake in the order. However, notwithstanding the above, the first part of the enclosed order was implemented long back in the year 2005, but even after so many years the 2nd part of the order is not implemented by your office till today my basic salary has not so far been restored. It is respectfully submitted that non restoration of my basic pay as mandated by the order under reference would be in derogation of the order passed by the erstwhile CMD. my salary in the promoted cadre cannot be fixe d unless my 3 increments are restored only after restoration of these 3 increments my salary can be fixed In promoted (A. O. ) cadre . I therefore request your kind self to immediate restore my three increments ( by which my basic pay has been already been reduced )w. e. f. year 2005. so that there is no delay in fixing my salary in promoted cadre. I shall be extremely grateful to you for the typify of kindness.

Sample Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Sample Personal Statement EssayAs an undergraduate educatee at the University of New Mexico I throw away force increasingly aw atomic number 18 of the complex network problems that I face as a citizen of the world. I bugger off also realized the progress and success that I enjoy in the same capacity as the frontiers of medicine, technology and communication continue to expand. My desire to enter in the resolution of those problems and in the further expansion of those frontiers had providential me to seek a degree in biological science and entrance into a School of Dentistry. I intend to successfully complete program of alveolar medicine and further my specialization in the atomic number 18a of endodontics. Upon completion of my degree programs I would comparable to return to the southwesterly region of the country to make my table services available to the under wait ond population of the area. I would also like to spend some time part the populations of Central an d second America where I could gain invaluable experience and provide the much needed services of a specialist. My desire to enter the field of dentistry has giving as Ive infixd with professional oral health care providers in the field and key outd a wide range of procedures.My interest in dentistry began early on as I was involved in orthodontics for eight years before undergoing corrective jaw surgery. I gained a rich appreciation and understanding of what people in need of much(prenominal) services are experiencing, as swell up as a great respect and grasp for the professionals of that field. Through the practice of dentistry I desire to get hold of a positive supportive impact on the lives of those I serve, as I go through with(predicate) in my own life through my oral healthcare providers.I also desire to be a respected, contributing element of the community, and I spirit that the field of dentistry bequeath afford me such opportunities as I p stratagemicipate i n it. I will be successful in alveolar school because of my consignment to the pursuit of academic excellence and my desire to succeed. I hand gained experience in public speaking through my various service and academic activities and enjoy meeting and dealing with people, which will serve me in dental school and as a professional healthcare provider.I perk up increased my fine motor skills and manual dexterity through my study of guitar, which will also aide me in pursuit of a DDS degree. My service as a missionary in Mexico gave me a better understanding of the world and of life as I worked with people in many different situations. I struggled and succeeded in my search for ways to serve and help people in a language, land and culture that was not my own. Those experiences acquit make itn me needed skills and attributes to become a successful servant of the community and participant in the dental community.I have repeatedly shown my determination in the environment of the university as I have faced and conquered challenges. I was able to successfully return to the university after my two-year absence and have been successful each semester since in maintaining my scholarship. I have maintain my academic standing as I receive full loads of course work and hold employment outside of class as well as sustain my family. I note that I have been able to accomplish this because of the balance I seek as I embark in the academic, spiritual, social and family spheres of my life.The smell alone used to make me nauseous. I could barely get through the front door before I would thumb the hair at the base of my neck stand on end. I would sit uncomfortably in the waiting room chairs praying that my mom would have a change of heart to take me back home. This was the scene each and every time I had a dental appointment. Needless to say, I feared the dentist. My memories of the dentist are not risquelighted with visits to the treasure box or the joy of picking ou t a cutting toothbrush.By the time I reached this part of the dental visit, I postulateed nothing to do with anything that would keep me in the office tear down a second more than(prenominal). My first exposure to dentistry, out of the chair, came when I began babysitting for a dentist. He worked on the weekends, and his daughter and I would tag along. Initially I stayed as far away from the dentist chair as possible, but later, I became curious, and gradually observant. By the time I reached high school, I was intrigued by every aspect of dentistry. The procedures quickly turned from one of torment into something more familiar.climax from a family of engineers and contractors, I recognized the doctors instruments because they were similar to tools I had grown up controling my father use. I began to think of dentistry as performing small scale construction in a small hole. Performing such intricate procedures while simultaneously utilizing my mind and hands two excited me and complimented my detail attentive personality. Since my interest first peaked, I have continued towards my goal to become a dentist, not only through high academic achievement, but with life experience.I obtained my dental radiography license and worked as a dental assistant during high school and was provided with the opportunity to observe a variety of dental procedures. I also gained exposure to the additional responsibilities of a dental professional ranging from the billing process to dealing with insurance companies. I got a glimpse of the organizational skills prerequisite to run a small business. I continued gaining experiences upon entering college by volunteering at a dental clinic that provides giving services to the homeless. My service at this clinic has strengthened my desire to become a dentist.Volunteering at the homeless dental clinic has taught me the wideness of dental hygiene and how it can fall every aspect of a persons life. Most of the homeless perseverin gs have neglected their teeth for years, and realize that they need help. It is an amazing experience to watch the transformation in a person as their teeth are fixed. For most patients, it is a long process, and their self esteem visibly increases with each visit. By the end of the treatment, some finally have the confidence to get a job, and may return to let us know of their new found success.The personal contact incorporated with dentistry is appealing as it provides the opportunity to interact with individuals of diverse ages, cultures, and backgrounds. As a student and an employee I have to realize the importance of integrity, responsibility, and serious-work. I know that in order to earn the respect and trust of my patients, I must be dependable, energetic, and professional. I must have the confidence to take on the role of authority, while as the same time be willing to follow the lead of someone else if necessary.I have equipped myself with these necessary traits to be a s uccessful dental student and professional through my classes, employment, and extracurricular activities. Working as an administrative assistance has equipped me with communication skills, and has taught me how to efficiently organize my time. Conversing with children with a mental illness while running(a) as a mental health technician has built my character by improving my patience and revealing the traits necessary to earn the trust of others.Leading my universitys pre-dental society as president has taught me leadership skills and how to organize a group to work together. As a native New Mexican, I realize the raises vast need for dental health care professionals, and would like to contribute by returning to the state after completion of my dental degree. Becoming a dentist has been my desire throughout both high school and college, and I have worked at becoming a well-round, educated, and experienced individual to achieve this goal.I have developed a strong work ethic, whic h, when combined with my choice of dentistry as a profession, has been greatly enhanced by the opportunities that I have had to work in this field. I firmly believe that I have built a stand from with I will move onward to earn my dental degree. I am determined to success, and ready to begin this challenge. Essay 3 Author judge for 2006 Entering Class I can vividly recall my grandfather opening his tool shed in hopes of inspiring his five dollar bill year-old grandson to create something handsome out of pieces of wood that were old and otherwise discarded.A passion for intricate artwork has seemingly constantly been a part of my life. Whether it is throwing a pot on a wheel or tying flies to mimic aquatic insects for the art of fly fishing, I have always loved to create pieces of art with my hands. A true love for intricate artistic work is a necessary and an essential characteristic of a dentist. I have devoted five years to playing guitar, and it has become part of my ever yday life. Great manual dexterity is required to play the guitar, and this manual dexterity bears a direct correlation to dentistry.When trying to undertake a new musical piece, the initial excitement overwhelms me and accomplishing a beautiful musical piece provides great satisfaction. Similarly, in dentistry, when a patient has a problem, the dentist will assess and treat the individual. On many occasions, I have found that the dentist is eager to start the procedure and jocund with the work and the well being of the patient. It is my belief that dentists hands not only have the power to grasp the world but the power to change it. I feel that dentistry will afford me with the opportunity to do something I love, working with my hands.The manual dexterity involved in dentistry is only a fraction of what makes the profession wonderful. To a further extent, a dentist must have a humanistic instinct to provide care to others. As a college freshman, I volunteered every weekday of my s ummer as a literacy leader for Americorps. While volunteering as a literacy leader 40 hours a week at Cesar Chavez club Center, I had the privilege of mentoring and teaching young boys how to read. Spanish happened to be the childrens first language and overcoming the language barrier became easier as I immersed myself deeper into the language.Teaching these children allowed me to develop a greater understanding of people and a trusting and caring relationship with each child. For the past three years, I have been part of Healthy Smiles, particular Smiles, and Give Kids A Smile Day. These three volunteer events give opportunities for the entire dental community to work together for the sake of childrens dental healthcare and I have established that this is important to me and my character. I have had many memorable experiences from these volunteer events and they have all taught me how to be kind, gentle, and comforting to the patients.I look forrad to dedicating my time to such volunteer events as a dentist. In addition to these volunteer events, I also enjoy participating in extracurricular activities such as running, lifting weights, snowboarding, reading, and fly-fishing. All of these activities help me cope with stress and give me time to see where I fit in this world. For the past year, I have been working at Starbucks as a Barista. This job has shown me people from all walks of life and has given me a better understanding of people. Many people who come into Starbucks are fascinating and I enjoy learning about their lives.The social skills obtained from this job are an invaluable asset to my character. One of my greatest accomplishments has been being an active member of the Pre-Dental Society for my entire career at the University of New Mexico. It was my pleasure to be the Vice president of the Pre-Dental Society for the past year. I am currently the President of the Pre-Dental Society and look forward to the upcoming year. These two leadership po sitions have enriched my public speaking ability and given me the confidence to articulate my ideas clearly.Extracurricular activities give you a time to reflect on the type of person you are and the merit of your character and this, too, is important to me. These extracurricular activities have refined me as a person and given me new and satisfying experiences. There is something unique about dentistry that draws you in the more you immerse yourself into the profession. Maybe it is the dedication to excellence or the altruism that gives you a sense of belonging. Regardless of what brought me to dentistry, I am here to stay because it is where I belong.Activities that challenged my curious mind such as solving crossword puzzle puzzles and riddles thrilled me as a child, and my love for challenges expanded into other areas as I grew older. I began playing musical instruments at the age of six, beginning with the gently and ultimately moving on to the clarinet, which I have played f or the past 9 years. The clarinet allowed me to achieve greater manual dexterity through countless hours of practice, as I have trained my hands to move carefully and precisely. There is no greater feeling than that of having mastered the fingering for a particularly severe musical piece.Similarly, it will be necessary as a dentist to devote many hours perfecting the techniques essential for providing high-quality oral healthcare and I will feel great satisfaction in doing so. Not only should trustworthy dentists acquire great manual dexterity, but they should also have excellent hand-eye coordination. While luck a PhD student conduct research using Drosophila flies, I was required to manipulate the small specimen to identify their species, sex, and size. This experience permitted me the opportunity to amend on the eye-hand coordination skills that are crucial for good dentistry.The challenges I will confront throughout my course in dental school do not jade me, but motivate me. It has always been exciting for me to take problems and solve them using my mind and my hands. Not only has the technical difficulty of playing an instrument meet me, but also the sheer beauty of the art form. Music has the ability to impact the emotions of people. I see a similar opportunity in dentistry to bring joy and happiness to peoples lives. By providing a person with the appropriate treatment, a person who has a low self-esteem due to untreated dental problems can be transformed into a person who has self-confidence.As a child, I had a terrible overbite and was in dire need of an orthodontist. The result of twain was more than a corrected bite. It yielded a higher self-esteem and a greater sense of self-confidence in me. I would like to provide others with the risk to have this same experience. Shadowing in many different dental offices allowed me to realize that all forms of dentistry can have this effect on patients, whether it was crowns from a general dentist or a s et of dentures from a prosthodontist. Helping people psychologically is an additional result of what is most important, which is taking care of the patients general oral health.One of the most influential moments that lead me to pursue a career in dentistry was the day a UNM Pre-Dental Society guest loudspeaker system discussed the underserved communities in New Mexico. I was astonished to learn that all but a few counties are in dire need of dentists. From that day forward I made it my personal goal to become a dentist so that I could help the people of New Mexico. Helping people has always been a part of my life. I have always enjoyed helping classmates with schoolwork as well as spending many hours teaching my younger sisters.In the past year, I was employed as a Biology/Chemistry tutor, which allowed me to help other students succeed. I have also been able to help others through community service and volunteer work such as annual clothing donations to homeless shelters, partic ipating in volunteer events such as make Strides Against Breast Cancer walk, Give Kids a Smile and Special Olympics Special Smiles. These events helped me to realize that I want to continue helping people in the hereafter. universe elected Historian of the UNM Pre-Dental Society gives me yet another way to help other students, now in their pursuit of a dental career.I would like to have the opportunity to continue helping others through dentistry. The desire to help people was instilled in me by my family. They have always encouraged me to work hard and praised me for my accomplishments. As the first person in my family who will graduate from college, I can understand the importance of family encouragement in having accomplished this goal. In the future I would like to have my own family, providing the same encouragement I was so fortunate to have as a child. I will be successful in dental school because I possess perseverance.Being determined and persistent has helped me overcom e many obstacles in the paths towards many goals in my life, and these attributes will prove just as beneficial in my pursuit of a dental career. Essay 5 Author Accepted for 2006 Entering Class My trace is name of author. I am twenty-four years old and have graduated from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. My studies were concentrated on Biology as my major, and Spanish as my minor. I was adopted from South Korea when I was seven months old. My family and I resided in Milwaukee, Wisconsin until I was four, then Chicago, Illinois until I was twelve.After that we lived in Glendive, Montana. I have a unique perspective of lifestyles and culture due to the diversity of the places that have shaped me and helped me become who I am today and they have defined what I want to pursue professionally, which is Dentistry. I have come to understand the importance of comparative and contrasting qualities. In Chicago, the city was the hub of civilization and in Montana the citizens re lied on and lived for the land and cattle. Presently, in Albuquerque, I have come to love and appreciate the Southwest style and diverse culture.Everywhere that I have lived and traveled has taught me something new and offered irreplaceable life experiences. I chose the University of New Mexico because I wanted to be far enough away from home to be independent, and also because they offered majors in biology and dance. I was on the UNM dance team for three years. Throughout college my interests have expanded which is why I now still study Spanish as well as biology. After attending an exchange program to Trujillo, Spain, I plan to utilize the Spanish language in the dental practice. I have come to respect and love the now-thriving language in America.I plan to educate and assist people in upholding a condition of well being of every ethnicity and background. I am constantly seeking new experiences as well as responsibility and have been a resident consultant for two years and then a Student Head Resident for one year. This is my second year that I am an Area Coordinator in the mansion house halls. Working directly with student, faculty, staff, and peers, I know I thrive to work directly with many people in a personal setting. With the responsibilities of these occupations, I have also well-read many managerial skills, which are applicable to the dental field.My family is an important aspect of my life. Since I am adopted I have learned that the value of a family is measured in love, not in bloodlines. My family has supported me in everything that I do, especially now as I apply to dental school. They have taught me trust, responsibility, respect, determination, honesty, and of course, love. With these attributes and the support from my family, I am confident in myself to further broaden and excel in the pursuit for an education in dentistry. I have been involved in a variety of activities throughout my life.These experiences have helped me to define who I a m as a person and where I fit into society. assay different activities has broadened my horizons and raised the expectation for myself. They have taught me how to learn and attempt to strive for my ultimate best. They have also taught me that trying new things is constantly a good lesson to remember throughout my life. The most important thing that I have taken from these different activities is the ability to narrow and define hardly what it is that I want to do with my life, which is working in the dental field.I started thinking about career choices while attending college and while I have always had a passion for biology and the fact that it is the study of life, I have not had a desire to be a dentist since I was little. From my love for biology derived my compassion and drive to improve the quality of life for others. Having worked with people all my life, on that point is nothing I would rather do. The field of dentistry gives hope, confidence, and health to others. I want to give back to the community my erudition to better the lives for individuals and families in sustaining a soundness of body and mind.I am determined to do some(prenominal) it takes to excel in the field of Dentistry. Essay 6 Author Accepted for 2007 Entering Class He gave me something valuable, something I could not have done for myself. That is how I felt each time I left my dentists office as a teenager. I wondered how the dentist must feel on the giving side of the relationship and I hoped to one day be in a profession that would allow me to help people daily in such a tangible way. As I matured and became more serious about choosing a profession during my college career, I realized that dentistry is exactly what I want to do with my life.In my preparation for a dental career, I have spent many hours observing this same dentist who inspired me years ago as he helps others maintain their dental and overall health. I clearly see the satisfaction that can be achieved by practi cing dentistry. I have also been able to observe all the nine dental specialties (except radiology and pathology) seeing a wide variety of dental procedures ranging from simple fillings to more technical gingival grafts, osseous regeneration surgery, apicoectomy, veneer smile makeovers, etc. The more I see, the more eager I become to actively participate in such an exciting profession.Success in the dental field requires dedication, compassion, and the ability to work intimately and effectively with people. I am well active to take on this challenge. I have worked as a corporate trainer for a 500-employee quick-lube franchise in the Southwest for the past three years while completing a Bachelor of Business degree at the University of New Mexico. My professional experience continuously hones my interpersonal communication skills, public speaking skills, and leadership as I help manage a business and educate hundreds of people.As a corporate trainer, I have become more self-motivated , organized, and detail-oriented through being responsible for designing company training programs, modifying company policies, and teaching new skills to managers and employees alike. I have also developed further dedication and commitment working to provide for a family while attending classes full time and participating in other extracurricular activities. Dentists frequently tell me that managing a practice is one of the activities they struggle with the most.My business background and strong interpersonal skills will enhance my ability to succeed in dentistry. I am serving as the Vice President of the New Mexico Pre-dental Society this coming year where I can use these skills to help New Mexico produce more dentists and flash back the states immense shortage. As a dentist I would like to be actively involved in advancing the profession and promoting modify oral health in my underserved state and our nation. My professional experience provides a strong foundation to achieve th ese goals.I spent two years vivacious in remote areas of Brazil serving an ecclesiastical mission and learning to read, write, and speak fluent Portuguese. In Brazil I witnessed the great suffering caused by poor oral health. So many teenagers had mouths full of decayed permanent teeth, which must have caused great pain and loss of self esteem. They did not even have a way to get these teeth safely extracted. Access to dental care and proper oral hygiene education could have prevented about all these problems.I hope to someday participate in humanitarian health care programs in Brazil and I also know that there are far too many Americans with limited access to care. I plan to serve in one of the smaller towns of New Mexico to help lighten this great need. For the past three years I have volunteered for a program called Taxhelp New Mexico where I did free tax preparation for low income and senile families. I love working with people and enjoy the opportunity to teach them ways to save money on taxes. They leave so grateful and I get that same feeling that I gave them something valuable they could not do for themselves.I greatly enjoy teaching others and have already started to ponder ways to educate and motivate patients to better maintain their oral health. These, and many other events, have kindled my aspirations to become a dentist and have prepared me to be successful during and after dental school. Dentistry is a perfect way to combine my affinity for business, my passion for learning the biological sciences, and my desire to teach and serve others. I am anxious to achieve my goals and consider it a privilege to be starting a career in a field that is so respectable and that gives back so much to our communities.

Democracy Enable And Disable Social Movements Politics Essay

Democracy Enable And Disable Social Movements Politics EssayDemocracy has been one of the greatest aspirations of Modernity and one of its greatest disappointments. The mountain pass of centuries between the collapse of the Ancient Greek precursor and the reestablishment of land as a viable system makes its recent planetaryisation all the more remarkable. The revitalization of state was achieved in part through the victories of hearty front ends over entrenched interests. (Esche 2001 17)It is true that social movements were determinant for the implementation of democratic systems throughout the world. However, the question concerning this root is whether democracies atomic telephone number 18 determinant to social movements. Therefore this paper leave seek in which ways does democracy enable and/or disable social movements. It will conclude that although democracy is, in theory, the system more prone to the appearance of social movements it is in like manner a regime tha t, in practice, washbasin prevent and ensn ar them. The first section of this paper will briefly overview the concepts of democracy and social movements in order to provide a framework for the argument. The second will seek in what ways democracies squander provided spaces for social movements to occur. The tierce, will discuss the opposite. That is, how democratic systems, intentionally or unintentionally, have constrained the rise of associational forms. Both arguments will be illustrated with case studies from experiences within the developing countries. Finally, some concluding remarks will be offered in the end.As Tilly (2003) explained democracy as oligarchy, autocracy for example is a kind of regime and that way that it is a set of relations between a government and persons subject to that governments jurisdiction (p.25). Democracy can to a fault resign many dimensions and forms and they differ greatly from one another. For instance, in that location atomic number 1 8 liberal democracies and there are representative democracies there are pluralistic democracies and there are constitutional democracies. This is relevant for the argument because the level of democracy, being the liberal democracy the most flexible one, might have an impact on the creation or restriction at the well-mannered rules of order level. Nevertheless, although they might differ in their construction they also share common values. 1 of the most important is that it should work the best interests of their constituents echoing Abraham Lincolns ideal of government of the people, by the people, for the people. In other words, a democracy allows for deal and for decisions to be made according to the will of the majority. It also allows for the creation of spaces between the private sphere and the differentiate.These spaces are the ones where mediation is made between the state and the people or formally known as civil societyCivil society could be viewed as barely one fo rm of the governmental relationship between state and society. It is an intermediate associational earth between state and family populated by organisations which are separate from the state, enjoy autonomy in relation to the state and are formed voluntary by members of society to protect or advance their interests and values (White 1996 181-2).From this definition an important characteristic is worth pointing out. Indeed, an independent civil society is the one who can sincerely yours voice peoples discontent. This is because any association with the state can severely undermine their intentions. Without an independent civil society the balance of office staff can never be challenged the level of accountability cannot be increased and the chances of having grievances transformed into favourable legislation will be impotential. Furthermore, if the civil society is not independent there is the put on the line of social movements becoming institutionalised as it will be discussed in a further section. Now that both democracy and social movements it is time to olfaction at the main argument and explore in what ways democracy promotes or disables democracy.It was with the introduction of democracy that the world has seen a dramatic increase in social mobility levels, in more opportunities for education and above all a feeling of individual freedom allied with the proper(ip) to associate without fear of persecution. Stories from northwest Korea or China stand to make the argument that democracy is the most open and flexible system. It was with the advent of democracy that previously unrepresented groups began to have both policy-making representation and protection in the form of legislation. One of the most visible social movements throughout history has been the womens movement. Seeking to have representation in the political world women have been fighting in traditional patriarchal societies for their equal place in society. In Ghana the transition to d emocracy opened a space for women to target their grievances by mobilising women to engage in political activity. This was due to two main factors. First, the pre-democratic regime made impossible for women to even consider the debate of their situation. As soon as democracy was installed women were quick to mobilise and bring the issue into public debate. Second, if a democracy means representation of different groups in society surely women had to be also part of the political life of Ghana (Fallon 2008). This is, however, problematic and sometimes even undesirable. If all groups demand representation thence it will be harder to reach consensus, especially in countries with a large number of different ethnicities or religious beliefs.Another trace of democracy, besides the right of freedom of association, is accountability. That is, people have the right to question and protest against any measure or action taken by their government. A key feature for the success of social moveme nts is working governments institutions much(prenominal) as an independent judicial system where everyone, including the government itself, is not free from obeying the law. This was the case in Brazil where electric chair Lulas government faced corruption charges due to misuse of public money. A free press, independent from the government, led the people in searching questions and demanding answers (Flynn 2005 1260). However, accountability is not only related to the rule of law. It is also attached to a governments position on certain issues as previously mentioned. For instance, the United States (US) war on terror has created much discontent within their own borders and caused an anti-war movement due mostly to unilateral decisions such as going to war with Iraq and Afghanistan ironically in the make of democracy and as leaders of the free world. In 2002, Kellner recommended that the war should be fought not on military terms moreover by a global movement condemning terror ism. Since then there has been a movement, or several, but condemning US use of violent means. Perhaps the best example on how a democratic system allows for social movements lies in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. In a country with high-levels of inequalities both between classes and between regions the city of Porto Alegre, with an alternative gravel of participatory democracy, exhibits a high level of social re-distribution (Ponniah and Fisher 2003 181).There are, however, several ways in which democracy or the process of democratisation disabling or restricting social movements. The first one has to do with the transition from any kind of authoritarian rule to democracy. A transversal problem across several transitions in the developing world is the fact that the same power structures and elites remain in place (Garretn 1997, Gibbon 1997, Prevost 2006, White 1996). Usually, movements that attain power are not organised or powerful enough to constitute a secure government. T herefore they have to make concessions with old power structures such as the military in order to form a government. In South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC) had to accept that the old government bureaucracy would have to be maintained. It did not have the people to fully replace the existing government bureaucracy both in terms of their sheer number and out of a lack of appropriate skills in a wide range of areas (Prevost 2006 170).As a consequence the same kind of policies and reluctance in accepting a black majority rule prevented in specific the actions of the black movement to be fully realised and in general democracy to be deepened. In South Korea a similar pattern, of restrictive democracy, emerged in the late 1980s. With democracy a large number of organizations entered civil society causation some social and political unrest. However, the political elite joined the two opposition parties into the government and formed a new hegemonic party. White (1996) expl ains the advantages of forming the latter. First, it absorbs opposition leaders. Second, by doing that the established elites maintain their power and influence in decision-making.The second way in which democracies disable social movements happens when democracy is already in place. If the movements were focused on one aim to overthrow the government then when they achieve it they lose their main thrust and, eventually, become fragmented. As mentioned, democracy opens spaces for unrepresented groups and because within any society there are so many different groups demanding political representation it becomes difficult to mobilise any kind of collective action as there is not a coherent and unique grievance (Melucci 1988, Menon 2000). In some cases, and because there is not a wider movement to support it, some forms of protest are not organised and are destined to fail (Dong 1997). Furthermore, movements might actually compete with each other which further weaken the movements (J ohn 2000, White 1996).A third way in which movements might be disabled is when they become institutionalised (Berger 2003, Flynn 2005, Melucci 1988, Prevost 2006). Becoming institutionalised is when movements lose their independent status. This can happen in trinity ways. Firstly, in order to have access to power, or resources, social movements might need to associate with mainstream political parties (Houtzager 2000). Secondly, governments in order to gain support but also to avoid contestation co-opt key community leaders into the political system (Prevost 2006 169). By doing so they are eliminating the radical and influential individuals from their inbred habitat the civil society. Both the ANC in South Africa and President Lulas Partido Trabalhador (PT) have used this tactic to gain acceptance and to diminish to possibilities of social movements to mobilise. But movements can also be co-opted by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Disillusioned with the lack of political s pace offered by the government and lacking funds, movements often resort to NGOs for support. Eventually, this relationship turns into dependency and because of that they have to accept external policies from NGOs which in turn restricts organizations agenda-setting as this becomes set by western donors priorities. In Guatemala, the womens movement known as Guatelmatacas became a provider of social services replacing governments functions. This was in part because they were representing the interests of NGOs and not their own. As Berger (2003) described it womens groups in due course shifted from a strategy of confrontation to one of placation (p. 205).A fourth way that accelerates the weakening of social movements is the advancement of capitalist economy and its instrument neo-liberalism. Esche argued that capitalism and democracies have developed a special relationship, that it to say that capitalism prefers democratic environments and that democracy favours the introduction of c apitalism. He also argued that this simple account of democracy and capitalism should be avoided mainly because capitalism is also able to screen in authoritarian governments. However, Roberts (1998) points out that capitalism and market mightinesss at work in democracies accelerate the fragmentation and weakening of popular collective subjects, the labour movement in particular and that neo liberalism has the remarkable capacity to neutralise and dissolve its opposition (p. 270). Capitalism thrives on inequalities and therefore these have to be maintained in an elegant way by governments. This shows that governments and for that matter democracy itself are unable to protect the interests of their citizens.To finalise the argument on how democracies disable social movements it is important to explore the role of the media. One might think that media and specifically the net income, is only used as a propaganda tool in authoritarian countries but the fact is that it is also used i n democracies such as the US. In other words, internet technology can be used .. for democratic or non-democratic means (Hand and Sandywell 2002 212). If the internet is restricted and controlled in China it is also used as a propaganda tool for democratic countries. The war on terror ideology of good versus evil, the election of Barack Obama as president of the US have shown how democratic countries can also use the internet as a political tool. More recently the tea Party movement is using the internet to mobilise a grassroots movement with vested interests pro-corporate, anti-tax, anti-regulation. (Monbiot 2010 29) However, in the context of social movements this is to ignore the fact that it is also a tool for movements to mobilise groups and create networks of activity beyond the physical world. It is true that the internet is not at the moment a democratic arena but like the majority of the transitions to democracy it will take several social movements to democratise it.Thi s paper has shown that democracy can enable and disable social movements. These possibilities are dependent on the type of democracy but also on how much the civil society sphere can remain autonomous from governments apparatus. If it ashes truly autonomous then it is possible to alter the balance of power. As an enabler it was discussed in this paper that democracies allow for the creation of a space between the state and the private sphere. It also allows, on the one hand, for people to associate and express their grievances and, on the other hand, for previously represented groups to engage in political activities. One would say that these two allowances should be enough to guarantee success for all movements. However, there are several ways in which democracy disables movements. First, the transition to democracy does not mean that old elites and power structures are removed meaning that although the terminology has evolved maybe the ways of doing politics have not. Second, on the instalment of democracy movements become fragmented. Movements fight different, smaller, and unfocused battles and this lead to either their extinction or their relevance. As democracies mature so do their governments. In order to control possible future movements, governments co-opt leaders and thus, movements lose their autonomy. This is aggravated with western NGOs advocating westernised ideals. Finally, the spread and level of capitalism penetration in developing countries means that no means are excluded in order to maintain both inequalities and special interests in place. Regarding the media, and with special attention to the internet it was explained that it can work as a force for both democratic and non-democratic fields but above all it allows for the creation of virtual transnational networks of social movements.

The Impact Of Branding On Customer Loyalty

The Impact Of mark On Customer obedience dishonoring is a promise of satisfaction which creates a relationship amidst con sumer and producer. A smirchings winner depends on how the product has been comprehend by its earshot. The method and mode of delivery as well as plays a crucial role in reaching its audience. mark has effected itself to become an important instrument in ensuring the successful growth of a product. The continuous fierce competition among brands has seen a pass in brand concepts oer the decades has made it a relevant part of any product. Numerous studies focused on branding activities and their impact on retention, attainment and dedication of guests across industries within western countries already exist. (Michael, 2009) It is at that placefore relevant to research the impact branding has on clients tout ensembleegiance in a precise industry in capital of Singapore. This subject field focuses ultimately on the betting feed industry in Sin gapore. The benefits of applying branding in the unshakable aliment industry be customer loyalty, Consumer trust and perceived risk to its reputation in-times of crisis (Ko, 2006). This study recommends that stead desist regimen bring placelets in Singapore should concentrate in their branding strategies and rejuvenate their branding activities in order to hold in and keep their customers loyal towards a dissolute intellectual nourishment brand, as well as clear new ones. Via an in-depth research of literature and analyzing the perception customers have towards branding this paper aims to study the impact of disgraceing on customers loyalty within the immobile provender industry in Singapore. Deductive approach and a denary methodology of analysis result be used. A set of research questions and objectives were established. The primary sources of data were collected through a physical questionnaire performed in someone and online. By evaluating the results, one can understand customers perception towards Branding of a abstain Food remark. A total of 200 individuals were approached to participate in the survey, come forth of which a total of 100 customers responded. After the collection of data the SPSS software was used to tax the results of the survey. The dimensions that are considered for this study are 4Ps of Marketing Mix ( ingathering, Place, determine and Promotion), customers mindset towards a brand of a fast food bulge bulge outlet which would lead to the customers loyalty towards the fast food outlet.Background of ResearchThe world has evolved so much that both men and women are every bit competing in all fields. This is due to the development of technology and globalisation. This does non just apply to technology merely also the food industry. Everything is fast moving and demand has populated almost every industry to have products instantly. The food industry is also a victim of such demand that Fast Food has taken o ver the world by storm back in early 90s in Singapore and has been a ever growing industry in Singapore. Such fast food is sought after in a country where 78% is working nation. (Ministry of Man mightiness, Singapore Workforce, 2011)The younger generation of Singapore has also fallen prey to the fast food culture in Singapore. There are over 376 household fast food franchises operating successfully in Singapore (Economies Survey Series, 2011). This also brings about the fierce competition between the fast food giants in deduceing grocery store shares. Brands of such fast food outlets have become popular and competing against each other to be the No. 1 brand for fast food in Singapore. Fast food industry is dominated by foreign brands (Local Fast Food in Singapore, 2012)It requires the fast food giants to look for strategies to better compete with their rivals and attract customers on a consistent basis. Maintaining and upholding their brand enter to retain customers are the main challenges the industry is facing. One of the only ways to differentiate one some other is to brand themselves uniquely to attract and retain customers. Branding has influence and have a perceived value towards customers. Timeline has also created such Branding image on products. (Tanja, 2008) Authenticity and tradition of a Brand is also considered when timeline comes in. If a fast food brand is able to survive the period with new brands popping day in, day out then the brand is looked upon as defyable on its own as it has already built upon its original grounds and managed to communicate it to the customers. (Michael, 2009)Branding has created a competitive atmosphere among fast food label in the world. All names trying to gain recognition has played their attention to Branding strategies in order to improve sales. (Steve, 2003)Typically, consistent forward motion and updating customers of their latest product via mass media has been the way fast food industry has been emba rking on and in attracting its customers. This has been one of their strategies in pulling customers towards them. but the industrys players have realized that not only keeping the customers updated about their products is important but winning customers loyalty is equally important.Mark and Glynn (2010) have claimed that brand pure tone and reputation influences customer value and customer loyalty. Businesses should deliver a brand image that customers want as a tool to differentiate their products.Laurence (2012) has mentioned that repetition and consistency are the ingredients of brands that win the memory game. Those who ignore these rules go forth end up being ignored by customers as well. Therefore branding has been a vital ingredient that has determine a order doing successful problem in the food industry, then many of Singapores fast food franchises has turned their attentions to branding which has impact on customer loyalty.Branding effects spread out positively aidi ng organisations in price of donations. Fast food outlets have adopted certain societies which run on voluntary funding. Recognition is also gained through this manner where customers identify the respective fast food brand to be society conscious. (Giep and Moriarty, 2008)Supporting environmental friendly campaigns has also made audience have a second look at such fast food brands. To think that fast food names are usually unwellnessy but franchisers have made a loony toons by embedding that health factors are also being looked into while their products are being produced with less harm through with(p) to surroundings. Such efforts are made known to the customers via their Branding strategies. (Eric, 2012)The merchandising mix which consists of Product, Place, Price and Promotion has a very crucial role in what is perceived by customers. Being the product it is supposed to satisfy the customer needs. But the product should be beyond satisfaction which should create trust and loy alty develops. Subsequently the place where items are acquired should be reachable to its audience making it friendly. Any item which is beyond reach is considered unfriendly. (Evert, 2002)In Singapore Fast Food outlets have their own strategies in reaching out to its bunsed audience. Although the mentioned fast food outlets has already well established in their country of origin, they are circumstances it is not necessary to be the uniform in Singapore. Asian countries had imbibed the power of branding rather late and country such as Singapore which depends on foreign coronations have also jumped onto the bandwagon to support Branding. For example, A W feeding place which was introduced in Singapore in 1991 ceased from operations in 2003. It was indicated that it was unable to sustain and keep up competition with its rivals within Singapore. (Andrew, 2007)Fierce competition in terms of branding strategies has swallowed its victim in Singapore. The other players were able to create the loyalty in their brand was the factor which A W restaurant was unable to replicate. former(a) fast food names such as Wendys and Dominos Pizza has re-entered the competition realising the marketing strategies of successful fast food outlets in Singapore. This means that there is space for competitors and the competition is gaining rivalry among the fast food chains. The strategies refer concentrated on retaining customers and developing a bond between the brand and the customer. At the very(prenominal) time consistent communication with its audience via promotion lets the customers know that the brand keeps in touch with its customers. The bond is deemed as service quality towards its customers.As a result, this type of branding strategies look atly influences the perception of customers towards service quality which in turn ensures loyalty.However, just knowing only branding as a crucial factor for doing successful business is not going to be enough for the fast foo d industry. Before building a successful brand image and increasing the advantages, it is important for fast food businesses to know and understand how the customer evaluates their brand as a base for improving their sales, encouraging people to barter for frequency and gaining customer loyalty.Research PhilosophyMy philosophy in this dissertation is to state the impact of branding which influences customers loyalty to a certain fast food brand in Singapore and how the loyalty towards a brand contributes to the expectations of customers. At the like time how marketing elements create the brands image among customers. I will be also stating the importance of Marketing where trust is born on a brand. Marketing is part of Branding outline whereby it is the base for building a name and trust. It creates demand for such items where there is competition.Research ObjectivesThe first objective is to explore how marketing elements influence Branding and further stamp out the importance o f marketing which has a vital role on Branding. A look at the marketing mix against Branding will give us a clearer determine on how the image of branding is built through time. Not all marketing approaches turns out to be positive for a Brand and to emphasize on the direction of marketing which will eventually built a positive image sort of of a negative one as marketing done without any research will lead to disastrous results. Examining the marketing elements lets us learn the direct impact it has on Branding.Another objective of this research is to realise the factors of customers expectations which affect Branding. A study of the factors which influences customers expectation will allow us to extract these factors and study its perks which have direct impact on the way a customer perceives a Brand. This factors comes in any form which will be further siphoned as in which factors are the major stakeholders of customers expectations. From the factors determine, emphasis can be placed on ratings as most important and less important factors which contribute to customers expectations.The last objective of this research is to examine the relationship between Branding and loyalty. The study should give us a macro level and micro level image of the relationship between Branding and customer loyalty. By aspect at the Branding image which creates loyalty towards a Brand will let us discover if loyalty towards a Brand is of perception or due to pure Branding effects which creates loyalty. On the other hand if it is the taste of the food made which creates the loyalty towards a fast food brand. This also indirectly reads out if loyalty is imposed by Branding statements or level of satisfaction gained by customers.Research QuestionThe following research questions were embossed to guide the researchQ1 Is service quality important than Branding to customers of fast food outlets in Singapore?Q2 What are the benefits to fast food chains applying Branding in Singapore ?Q3 Do Branding strategies influence the loyalty of customers towards their favourite fast food name?Q4 Do customers support all the branding manoeuvre of fast food outlets in Singapore?Q5 How effective are fast food branding methods in retaining their customers?Research StructureThe study attempts to gather specific information on Fast Food outlets in Singapore and their Branding policies. The collection of data will be carried out through a numerical methodology approach. From the research questions we crack down on the facts that give importance leading to the objective. erst the objectives are recognised, it creates a flow of deep literature review. The possibility will be derived after an in-depth study of the literature materials. Specific tools for analysis will be utilised during the course of the study. Various calculable variables should be determine by utilising the quantitative method. A survey form consisting of multiple questions will be created after a look at li terature review. The survey will be in the form of a web-questionnaire. The internet will be used as the basic form of data collection once the questionnaire is tabulated. A review of the data collected will be undertaken with the SPSS software package.SummaryMost of the studies on Branding strategies are created and in place with western nations generally. Thus this study has focused on a Asian region which is Singapore. The study relates widely on Branding in the Fast Food industry in Singapore and its impact on customer loyalty. The study looks at the current trends being practiced in the industry and at the same time pointing out the increase of such knowledge in the industry. This also shows the importance being given by the stakeholders to the concept. Branding has become essential to fast food brands.In this study the main objective was to find the relationship between Branding and customer loyalty and how Branding has an impact on customers loyalty in the fast food industry in Singapore. Through the use of the 4 Ps, the study attempts to identify the best way to retain a customer in the fast food industry. Apart from contributing to Branding and customer loyalty from a theoretical point of view the paper also highlights the dimensions of Branding, which becomes a criterion for customers to evaluate how efficient a fast food name is with its Branding outcome.Chapter TwoLiterature Review2.1 IntroductionRapid growth of population has increased the bet of patrons turning to fast food outlets to fulfil their daily hunger needs as mentioned. This has intensified the need to differentiate and attract customers in order to sustain and gain market share for fast food outlets hovering in Singapore. Such outlets have to turn to Branding strategies in order to gain a beachhead in the market. Thus the design and implementation of Branding methods create trust as well as build a bonding between the fast food name and customers. Bonding in turn creates trust betwee n both.This chapter emphasises on the 3 main literature aspects of the research which are Concept of Branding, Dimensions of Branding and Customer Loyalty. To start off, Branding history and Branding in Singapore will be analyzed theoretically. At the same time the current progress of Branding trends in Singapore will be highlighted.Subsequently Branding and Fast food industry will be studied. Information of customer loyalty in Singapore will be also discussed. Finally understanding the relation between Branding and the impact on customer loyalty will be looked upon.2.2 Concept of BrandingGeoffrey (2000) has mentioned that Branding is differentiated by providing perceived quality and an ability to perform to diversifys in customer taste. Rita and Sameena (2009) had identified that Brands are tricky. They are the most important concept which almost all CEOs are very worried about or having difficulty in delivering the actual meaning of Brand. Branding has become hard to tackle.Dunn (2010) has argued that Branding is a complex idea which is demanding and not understood by many businesses. Branding has no time limitations and can be built within a short or a long period. However when it comes to today context, building it in a short time is the cigaret of fast food brands.Successful branding understands the needs and wants of customers and prospects. In order to achieve this, integration of brand strategies through the company at every point of public contact is needed. Brand is something that stays within the hearts and minds of customers, clients and prospects. Some can be influenced whereas some are not possible. Brand is a source of a promise to every customer. Branding is the foundation marketing communication (Laura, 2012)Brand identity is part of Branding. Brand identity needs to be identified before Brand Image is developed. Brand image and Brand identity will shift according to times. Brand image will definitely change due to time and it needs to be re freshed according to time to maintain the image. (Wilson and Ira, 2008). Kapferer (2012) has quoted that brand identity is not based on the latest advertisements seen it is the sum of all previous contacts with the brand-its inertia. We can understand that brand image is built on time and does not happen overnight. The perception of the product carries weight of the brand image concerning its age and quality as well.2.3 Dimensions of BrandingBrand Actualization has 5 interlinked dimensions. Brand Experience, Brand Community, Brand Culture, Brand Communication and Brand Innovations (Brandxpress, 2005, 5 dimensions in Branding)Figure 1.1 7 Dimensions of Brandingimage3374.jpgMuyiwa (2011) has concentrated on the 7 dimensions which he deems important to branding which are Brand Vision, Brand Value Proposition, Brand Positioning, Brand Identity, Brand Behaviour, Brand Communications and Brand Economics. He has mentioned that managers at times discover that branding strategies needs to be evolving in order to be successful. The 7 dimensions examine the principals of Branding from the perspective of an economy.Figure 1.2 Burnett ModelThis model consists of 4 dimensions with essence which is the brand factor at the centre.The functions describe what the Brand is and what does it stop along with it in terms of the product.The Personality/Image describes the form of imagery people have upon the Brand and affective deposition to the BrandThe get-go re introduces what the company is about and their objectives.Lastly the Differences portion explains how different the brand is from the rest and what makes it different from the rest of the competitors.2.4 Marketing Mix (4Ps)Marketing Mix is considered as a strategy and is a model role model. Marketing mix can be broke down into the 4 Ps which are Product, Price, Place and Promotion.Figure 1.3 4Ps of Market Mix, (McCarthy, 1960)marketing-mix.gif2.4.1 ProductRustler (2012) has mentioned that creativity is product. Product is more than just developing ideas. Dogra (2012) had defined that product means anything that is capable or can be provided to achieve a need or a want. It can be either tangible or intangible. She also has mentioned that being a product it must deliver stripped-down level of performance. If it fails, the other aspects of the marketing mix will not be of any good .Hong, Kotler and Nancy, (2007) have say that a core product includes the benefits that the target audience will reap. Harsch (2012) had classified product of more to a physical item that a service rendered by firms as Product does not gain any currency in service business. It can be considered as functionality, quality, appearance, packaging, brand, service, support and warranty.2.4.2 PricePeter and Kerzner (1997) have argued that price is the easiest aspect a competitor can battle on during competition. However they also clarified that business with a significant cost advantage and reserves can never be easily matched. Do n and Beth (2009) have also argued that Price has become increasingly irrelevant as markets are becoming very aggressive and in turn makes pricing attractive but no longer a profit statement. This is also aided by consumers who have more choice and resistant to prices. chaise and Cynthia (2009) mentioned that price can be defined as the value on audience member pays for to experience the brand. Price can be considered as an enthronisation on the certain item or product a customer is willing to pay. Price can be considered as list price, discounts, financing, leasing options and allowances.2.4.3 PromotionAllan (2009) has indicated that promotion is talking about the different ways a product can be marketed. He further mentioned that promotion is the communicating tool to reach audience other than pricing. Promotion adds value to product being marketed. One of the primary goals of promotion is to escalate the perception of the product, firm or brand. Michael, Fredile and Terry (2010 ) defined promotion as a key pillar to the 4Ps which is referred to terms such as promotions and promotion activities which can be confusing. Both are different but relates to getting to the general targeted audience. And in turn gain audience trust which builds loyalty between the products to customer. Promotion can be also considered as advertising, public relations, message, direct sales, sales media and budget2.4.4 PlacePlace refers to products being available where ever and when ever customers need them. Place also refers to the physical distribution of the product concerned including storing and transportation. (Charles, Hair and Carl, 2011)Place is at times referred to as Distribution which is also carries the same terms as Place. Distribution decides the quantity to be produced for the place according to geographic location. (Gitman and Carl, 2008)The product needs to define its needs in order to fulfil as a product which a place or person requires. Once this is established , the Place can be determined. (Phil Stone, 2001)Distribution is essential in Place marketing. Distribution activities should be programmed within the choice of marketing path. The distribution activities are programmed primarily consisting of activities aimed at development and maintenance of the relationship with retailing organizations and physical distribution. This ensures that products are available at point of purchase. (Herbert and MacFie, 1996). Place can be referred to as locations, logistics, channel members, channel motivation, market coverage, service levels, internet and mobile.2.5 Fast Food BrandingAccording to Ed Pendrys (2011) fast food has matured since the days it has started to travel globally. Reaching out to the audience was not of a priority initially when fast food outlets were introduced. However as Fast food names were becoming dominant restaurants, branding was given a second look in order to gain or attract customers in creative manners. In times to come , it turned into business competition to retain and maintain profit through Branding mediums. Richard R. Wilki (2006) has stated that the competition has reached its levels that fast food names are toying with emotions to reach out to audience. Such methods create relationships among customers and the Brands concerned. According to S.Ramesh Kumar (2009) consumer behaviour is influenced by Branding strategies. Whether a fast food brand is able to retain its customers solely depends on how it reaches out to its audience It develops a relationship with customers which will have a everlasting bonding as long as the Brand is able to continue its efforts in building on its current relationship.2.6 Customers ExpectationCustomer expectations are related to Customer satisfaction. As satisfactions are fulfilled, expectations rise on the specific brand of product. However customers do still switch brands when they are satisfied as at times future products of the same brand or product might not meet their requirements, in other word expectations. Numerous studies have resulted that 60 to 85 percent of satisfied customers do switch brands. So it does not needfully mean that customers expectations are met when sales are high.(Timothy and Terry, 2001)A customer does patronizes a brand without any expectations. When competitors in the market are scarce for the certain product, customers assume that their expectation is fulfilled as their having the best. By fulfilling the customers expectations, a certain degree of trust is gained. This can be considered as a motivation factor for customers to select a brand (Ziglar and Hayes,2001)According to Neal, Quester and Hawkin, (2002) the customers expectations are matched to the performance of a product, is the main of marketing as it is important to achieve customer loyalty. However at the same time always a satisfied customer does not mean to be necessarily a loyal customer (Shrake, 1999)Figure 1.4 Caresoft ModelececutionModel1.jpg Source Caresoft Global (2012)The Caresoft model consists of three major aspects which are Efficiency, effectiveness and Flexibility. This model was created just for the meeting and exceeding customers expectations. The model emphasises on no backtracking and does not deliberate in service recovery as expectations are to be fulfilled at the first contact. Although service recovery option is definitely available, Caresoft are minimising the options to be used in order to stamp out the need to have the first impression. The model is named as an engagement model. The aim of the model is to provide quality service with or without a product at optimum levels to customers. At the same time to fine tune the commitment level and control. The level of investment required is also to be controlled via the model which will look at capitalising on maximum satisfaction fulfilled with cost savings initiatives. (Caresoft, 2012)2.7 Customer Loyalty in SingaporeMany researches have been done worldwid e for the dimensions of determining customer loyalty. David (2002) have argued that most studies have generalised customer loyalty as a single factorial construct without differentiating between repurchases, additional purchases and referrals. Richard (2010) has created a Matrix which looks into 2 dimensions of customer loyalty which are the value of a customer expressed in terms of Economic profit and customer loyalty elements that are most important to a companys customer. Oliver (1997) also came up with a framework that breaks down Customer loyalty into 4 phases which are cognition-affect-conation-action. This phase describes the customers attitude towards a certain product until the last phase where the customer reaches loyalty to the product. still E.Hayes (2008) has indicated that customer loyalty can be conceptualised into three distinct types which are, Advocacy loyalty, purchasing loyalty and retention loyalty. Ruijian of Oklahoma State University (2007) has elaborated the customer loyalty into 2 dimensions as well which are attitudinal loyalty (antecedent) and behavioural loyalty. He has further broken it down into 4 segments which are true, latent, spurious and low loyalty.Esther (2004) has stated loyalty is the regular repurchase of a brand or from a store based on commitment towards the specific brand or store. Clopton, Stoddard and system (2001) have mentioned that customer loyalty makes an enormous difference between the costs of retaining a loyal customer and winning new customers.Singapore has a population which has about 91.6% consuming fast food and the numbers are ever growing. This is also partially due to the increase of population in recent years. At the same time fast food franchises have also grown in numbers throughout the years. The numbers of fast food outlets have exceeded the hail of primary schools in Singapore. This trend creates easy access to fast food where the findings were done on consumption of fast food (Health Promotio n Board, 2010).The percentage of Singaporeans eating at fast food restaurants are rated at about 2 to 5 times a week by Lew and Barlow (2005). In 2010 the fast food industry has grown about 3.8% compared to 2009(Economics Survey Series, 2010) Industry experts expect that this trend will be increased and carried on in the next following years. tear down though customers are spoilt for choices, they do return back to the very same product due to certain factors. It includes quality, service, taste, brand image, promotion, price and accessibility.In Singapore, Naleeza and yawn (2007) has claimed that customer loyalty at times depends on small factors like the chilli sauce provided by the fast food industries. In November 2011, McDonalds fast food restaurant withdrew their curry sauce temporarily due to supply issues (Jessica, 2011). It also caused an uproar of Singapore McDonalds customers showing their grief over social networking websites over the privation of curry sauce availabi lity.Chapter ThreeResearch Methodology3.1 IntroductionBranding is defined by Kotler and Armstrong as a combination of name, term sign or design developed to identify a product or service provided by a seller or a group of sellers. At the same time it helps to differentiate them from each other to compete and excel in a market. There are studies which have been conducted to learn and analyze the relationship between Branding and its success. But there are also evidences that this fact could be contradicting. Kapferer (2008) has mentioned that Branding alone has no immediate effect as mentioned by Kotler and Armstrong. moreover Branding without emotions leads to lesser effect of Branding is their argument. Thus we can determine that Branding has mixed reviews from its users. And there is a need for certain elements to be present for Branding to be a full success. Kumar (2009) had also listed that Branding is not a factor for loyalty of a customer but the customers experience in utili sing a Brand plays a vital role when comes to customers loyalty towards a Brand. He has further mentioned that a customer will still consider all options available for a product before ultimately setting upon a Brand and loyalty has no place when branding is concerned. A limited a few(prenominal) researches have been done pitting Branding being affected by emotions. And at the same time, experience of a Brand influences the decision of customer instead of the other factors. Experience of a Brand is targeted towards service received by customers from a Brand. So service quality is the main part of experience.Hereby a framework will be structured to analyse the relationship among experience and emotional attachment towards a Branding which impacts the customer loyalty in Fast Food Industry in Singapore. It will also examine to what level a customer is willing to go with emotion as a factor towards a Brand and experience as a factor towards a Brand. We can also look at if Brandings of fast food given importance to emotional values when considering reaching out to customers.3.2 HypothesesHereby, the research is going to hypothesize that there is positive effect of Branding which does have impact on customer loyalty therefore emphasizing for a fast food Brand to be more Branding conscious in order to achieve customer loyalty. Such emphasis should lead to Branding as their core business strategy.Hypothesis Branding positively affects the customers loyalty in Fast food names in SingaporeParsa and Francis (2002) have underlined that quality service has been undertaken by fast food outlets since the time it was introduced in Singapore as entrepreneurs followed up on the success it gained in the western countries. And in no time it was appreciated in Asian countries such as Singapore. Quality service has not just been a differentiator

Effects Of Block Scheduling :: essays research papers

How Block Scheduling Effects      In recent years galore(postnominal) educators have voiced their concern about as losing our edge in the global marketplace as well as an appargonnt decline in American students achievements. This has become a recurring belief for many teachers, parents, and school districts throughout the United States. As a result, many states have begun to increase the touchstone of units necessary to fulfill graduation requirements in hope to enhance education and make American students more globally competitive.     As many districts have found, it is non feasible to add more subjects to the already demanding 6-or 7-period days. The problem in doing so is that there was little time for electives. At the same time they began to find that adding formes notwithstanding took away time from other parts of the curriculum already established. While some districts fumbled with the idea of adding classes and minimizing losses i n other areas, a large heel of schools, more specifically 25-40 percent of U.S. high schools adopted block scheduling(American Federation of Teachers, 1999). It is apparent the block scheduling craze is thought to be a fix all solution to the problem, at least for those districts and individuals looking for anything to help increase the status quo.     In a nutshell, block scheduling is the practice of recess up school time into blocks or units of classroom time. More recently we have seen this practice redefined to stand for a restructuring movement for longer classroom periods. typically average class periods ranged from 45-50 minutes long. Block scheduling has taken this traditional style of time management and have increases class periods anywhere from two to quaternary times longer. As one might be amazed at the novelty of more time in the classroom, it is vital to understand that number of class periods are correspondingly decreased, thus the overall len gth of time is virtually the same. The majority of information gathered and the studies reviewed tend to overwhelmingly represent the results derived from the two we are describing. Hence from this point forward the term "block scheduling", as used in this paper shall consider the first two categories one and the same. It has been taken into consideration and concurred that there are many variations of block scheduling, however all research, testimonials, cases, and opinions taken into consideration are of the specific type of block scheduling mentioned above. It has as well as been taken into consideration that there may be many uncontrollable variables that directly and indirectly skew the results of some of the studies.

The Structure of a Financial Crisis Essay -- Economics Economy Finance

The Structure of a Financial CrisisINTRODUCTIONThe year 2001 had been unlucky for Turkey. Apart from the crisis in 1994 and November 2000, the country had to face another financial crisis, causing problems in the management of its economy. Why does a country delve deep into financial crisis? What are the doable immediate trip ups for both the current and say-so new crises? What precautions should be taken for the key issues like the fragility of the financial and banking system, belated reforms and privatisation, rampant corruption, exchange lay out policy? And how can the governments satisfy the markets and people to undertake these reforms?The current crisis has not hit the country overnight. This article figures out the weakness of the system, years of neglect and mismanagement, doable solutions for other developing countries. One has to bear in my mind that even evaluating the aftermath of the 1994 crisis, Turkey was a rising star, with aspirations towards full social rank to the European Union. Among the potential applicants of EU membership, - mostly the Transition Economies of east Europe- Turkey was the mere applicant with a functioning Customs Union with the EU back in 1995. With a relatively large and dynamic market, having high hopes for rapid economic and social progress, Turkey seemed a valuable candidate for the European Integration. Now after the 2000 November and 2001 February crises, the shrinkage of the economy suggests that Turkey can only catch up with the figures of year 2000, as far as the year 2004, let alone the EU membership and further growth. To indicate why such a failure has been suffered, we have to go back to the roots of mismanagement. And that begins with the problems of Privatisation practices. THE INITIATION OF PRIVATISATIONPrivatisation has proved to be a lucky method for improving institutions and maintaining corporate efficiency all around the world. But under certain conditions either privatised firms can get into serious difficulties or delaying the privatisation programs could trigger economic crises, together with the impact caused by years of mismanagement, not undertaking the progressive reforms and corruption - as experienced in some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Far East, and as is the case in this article, in TurkeyTHE FIRST ... ...90, January 2000, William Davidson Institute.Feldstein, Martin Refocusing the IMF, Foreign Affairs, March/April 1998, pp. 20-33.Harris- White, Barbara and White, Gordon (eds.), Liberalization and the New Corruption, IDS Bulletin, Vol. 27 No 2 , 1996Nas, F. Tevfik and Odekon, Mehmet (eds.) Liberalization and the Turkish Economy 1988, Greenwood Publishing Group. Rittenberg, Libby, (ed.) The Political Economy of Turkey in the Post-Soviet Era Going West and Looking East? 1998 Praeger PublishingShaker, Sallama State, Society and Privatisation in Turkey, 1979-1990 (Woodrow Wilson Center Special Studies)1995 Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr .Togan, Subidey, Balasubramanyam, V.N. (Eds.) The Economy of Turkey Since Liberalization, 1996 Palgrave Publishing.Ucer, E. Murat Monetary Policy Practice in Turkey From the 1994 Crisis to the Present. October 1999, mimeo, Credit Suisse First Boston, Emerging Markets Economic ResearchVishwanath, T. and Kaufmann, D. Toward foil New Approaches and their Application to Financial Markets, The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 16, No.1, Spring 2001.